Technologies for Deviation of Asteroids and Cleaning of Earth Orbit by Space Debris

The present chapter presents the advanced design and technology of special equipment (SECSL) which uses concentrated solar light for deviation of asteroids and cleaning the space of debris. The elliptical orbit of any cosmic body as presented in Einstein’s general theory of relativity is rotating around the ellipse center. The trajectory of a cosmic body is permanently affected by the gravity of other moving cosmic bodies. In the case of asteroids (relatively small masses), orbit changes can lead to a collision with the Earth. At this very moment, our civilization has no efficient and reliable mean to destroy or divert a cosmic body heading toward the Earth. This new idea represents a “light canon” which uses concentrated solar light for deviation or vaporization of dangerous asteroids. The equipment is composed out of two parabolic mirrors (one large and one small) with the same focal point and coincident axes. The mirrors reflect the sunlight between them hence the term “concentrated solar light.” Next, a similar idea to the SECSL equipment is presented but applied to space debris caused mostly by humans and a new way of disintegrating satellites, spent rocket boosters, thrust chambers, etc. in the Earth’s atmosphere during reentry

Sonic Boom Mitigation through Shock Wave Dispersion

Lately, the interest for passenger space planes, supersonic passenger aircraft, and supersonic business jets has greatly increased. In order to mitigate the sonic boom effects at ground level, some aerospace companies proposed airplanes that have a very small transversal fuselage section or that have a curved (“shaped”) fuselage. Obviously, shaping the fuselage leads to the increase of dynamic drag and manufacturing cost. Reducing the fuselage transverse section leads to reducing the useful volume inside fuselage and increases the landing distance of aircraft. The solution presented in this chapter shows that it is theoretically and technologically possible as the shock wave to be dispersed through mechanical or electrical means. The shock wave is in fact a stationary effect generated by the move of aircraft with constant speed relatively to surrounding air. If this feature is in a way or another canceled, the shock wave is dispersing. Due to dispersion of the shock wave the ‘N’ wave at the ground is tens of times larger and the sonic boom is correspondingly lower. The shock wave dispersion system of the future could be mechanical or electrical is activated only when the supersonic aircraft/space plane is flying horizontally over community

On the Theoretical Possibility to Generate Gravitational Waves Using Electromagnetic Waves

This paper demonstrates that according to a consequence of General Theory of Relativity, a high amount of electromagnetic waves, such as ultraviolet light, injected between two or more parallel reflective surfaces must generate through multiple reflections gravitational waves having a significant power which are radiated into space. The emitted gravitational waves have the same frequency as the incident electromagnetic waves and are directed along the normal  to the reflective surfaces. This papers derives, an equation connecting the radiated gravitational power with the  electromagnetic energy injected between reflective plates. The radiated gravitational power can be enhanced and focused on a point  using multiple reflective calottes

Feature Extraction from Remotely Sensed Imagery for Emergency Management and Environmental Assessment

L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

An Explanation for the Equality between Inertia and Gravitational Mass

The mechanism causing the equality of inertia and gravitational mass of a body, which was demonstrated experimentally by Eotvos in 1909 is still unexplained although this equality is the basis of Einsteins General Theory of Relativity (GTR). Using consequences of GTR, this paper explains why the inertia mass is equally to the gravitational mass. The two masses are equal because the mechanism that produces the inertia ˜force of a body is the same with the 'mechanism' that produces the gravitational force of the same body

Length Contraction with Speed Explained as a Relativistic Doppler Effect

In this paper the authors show that the mechanism of length contraction is simple and can be explained by the wave feature of body micro-components. From this point of view, the length contraction with speed perceived by a fixed observer is a Doppler relativistic effect

Mass Increase with Speed Explained as a Relativistic Doppler Effect

In this paper the authors show that the mechanism of mass increase is simple and  can be explained by the wave feature of body micro-comps. From this point of view, the mass increase with speed perceived by a fixed observer is a Doppler relativistic effect

Volatile cycling and the thermal evolution of planetary mantle

The thermal histories of terrestrial planets are investigated using two parameterized mantle convection models for either Earth like planets and planets with no active plate tectonics. Using parameterized models of mantle convection, we performed computer simulations of planetary cooling and volatile cycling. The models estimate the amount of volatile in mantle reservoir, and calculate the outgassing and regassing rates. A linear model of volatile concentration-dependent is assumed for the activation energy of the solid-state creep in the mantle. The kinematic viscosity of the mantle is thus dynamically affected by the activation energy through a variable concentration in volatile. Mantle temperature and heat flux is calculated using a model derived from classic thermal boundary layer theory of a single layered mantle with temperature dependent viscosity. The rate of volatile exchanged between mantle and surface is calculated by balancing the amount of volatiles degassed in the atmosphere by volcanic and spreading related processes and the amount of volatiles recycled back in the mantle by the subduction process. In the cases that lack plate tectonics, the degassing efficiency is dramatically reduced and the regassing process is absent. The degassing effect is dependent on average spreading rate of tectonic plates and on the amount of volatile in the melt extract in the transition zone between mantle and upper boundary laver. The regassing effect is dependent on the subduction rate and on the amount of volatile present on a hydrated layer on top of the subducting slab. The degassing and regassing parameters are all related to the intensity of the convection in the mantle and to the surface temperature of the planet, and they are regulated by the amount of volatiles in reservoir. Comparative study with the previous models display significant differences and improve the versatility of the model. The optimum efficiency factors found are in the range of 0.01-0.06 for degassing/regassing processes, in agreement with more recent estimates. An important effect of the volatile cycling process is a general negative feedback effect that results in a general trend to adjust the mantle volatile content in time to a value set by the energy balance in the system. As a result, the initial amount of volatile in the mantle is rendered irrelevant for late stage of thermal evolution. In the case of no plate tectonics, the opposite effect takes place: initial volatilization plays an important role through entire evolution. The implications of mantle convection on the stability of the lithosphere were investigated further using the thermal history calculations and numeric simulations. They point to the conclusion that mantle convection induced stress levels increase from the past to the present fact that leads to a greater potential of craton deformation. The main consequence of this trend is that sections of continental lithosphere that have remained stable since the Archean and Proterozoic are becoming progressively more prone to instability in the geologically modem era. After the volatiles are degassed from the mantle, they are cycled through the atmosphere. The interact with the climate influencing the surface temperature, and further controlling the mantle convection. Using a grey radiative-convective model for the atmosphere, we analyzed the feedback relationships between volatiles, especially water, and surface temperature. We showed that large amount of water degassed during a hot, possible melt ocean phase after the planet formation could conserve large amount of water in atmosphere and maintain the surface temperature at moderate level

Assessment of an Extreme Rainfall Detection System for Flood Prediction over Queensland (Australia)

Flood events represent some of the most catastrophic natural disasters, especially in localities where appropriate measurement instruments and early warning systems are not available. Remotely sensed data can often help to obtain near real-time rainfall information with a global spatial coverage without the limitations that characterize other instruments. In order to achieve this goal, a freely accessible Extreme Rainfall Detection System (ERDS—erds.ithacaweb.org) was developed and implemented by ITHACA with the aim of monitoring and forecasting exceptional rainfall events and providing information in an understandable way for researchers as well as non-specialized users. The near real-time rainfall monitoring is performed by taking advantage of NASA GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM) half-hourly data (one of the most advanced rainfall measurements provided by satellite). This study aims to evaluate ERDS performance in the detection of the extreme rainfall that led to a massive flood event in Queensland (Australia) between January and February 2019. Due to the impressive amount of rainfall that affected the area, Flinders River (one of the longest Australian rivers) overflowed, expanding to a width of tens of kilometers. Several cities were also partially affected and Copernicus Emergency Management Service was activated with the aim of providing an assessment of the impact of the event. In this research, ERDS outputs were validated using both in situ and open source remotely sensed data. Specifically, taking advantage of both NASA MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and Copernicus Sentinel datasets, it was possible to gain a clear look at the full extent of the flood event. GPM data proved to be a reliable source of rainfall information for the evaluation of areas affected by heavy rainfall. By merging these data, it was possible to recreate the dynamics of the event

Experimental Investigations on the Possibility to Apply the Corrugated Sheet Metal Used in the Past with Junkers Aircraft to Reduce Noise for Future European Aircraft. Other Noise Reduction Experiments for Future European Aircraft

This paper shows that corrugated skin used in the past with Junkers aircraft to increase the fuselage and wing rigidity can lead to noise reduction for future European aircraft. If the pressure side of wing which is placed above the engine is corrugated, the jet noise reflected by wing will be scattered. This way, the diffuse acoustic field has a lower intensity at ground level and correspondingly, a lower impact on community. Similarly, it is shown that if the underside of fuselage is corrugated, the noise emitted by the nose landing-gear and main landing-gear is also scattered. The existence of this effect is demonstrated by some recent measurements done inside auto-tunnels covered inside with corrugated sheet metal which indicated a reduction of maximum noise level by up to 30%. Some experiments done by the authors at low scale on an Airbus A380 wing model (scale 1:375) showed that the jet-noise reflected by the corrugated skin of wing is reduced by 4 dB in the near field. Reintroducing corrugated skin in the manufacturing process of modern aircraft is beneficial because, on the one hand, it reduces the jet and the landing-gear noise discomfort and, on the other hand, it permits manufacturing stronger frames for passenger aircraft/airliners